LONDON — On March 4, 2020, when there were just 84 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the U.K., professor Sharon Peacock recognized that the country needed to expand its capacity to analyze the virus’s genetic makeup. The Cambridge University microbiologist understood that genomic sequencing would be crucial in tracking the disease, controlling outbreaks, and developing vaccines. So she began working with colleagues nationwide to devise a plan. Within a month, the government had provided 20 million pounds ($28 million) to fund their work.
The initiative helped make Britain a world leader in rapidly analyzing the genetic material from large numbers of COVID-19 infections, generating more than 40% of the genomic sequences identified to date. These days, their top priority is finding new variants that are more dangerous or resistant to vaccines, information that is critical to helping researchers modify the vaccines or develop new ones to combat the ever-changing virus. “They’ve shown the world how you do this,” said Dr. Eric Topol, chair of innovative medicine at Scripps Research in San Diego, California.
Peacock, 62, heads the Brincing effort as executive director and chair of the COVID-19 UK Genomics Consortium, known as COG-UK, the group she helped create a year ago. Genomic sequencing is essentially mapping the unique genetic makeup of individual organisms — in this case, the virus that causes COVID-19. While researchers use the technique to study everything from cancer to outbreaks of food poisoning and the flu virus, this is the first time authorities are using it to provide real-time surveillance of a global pandemic.
During the first week of this month, COG-UK sequenced 13,171 viruses, up from 260 during its first 12 days of operation in March last year, according to weekly reports on the group’s website. Behind that growth is a system that links the science of genomic sequencing with the resources of Britain’s national health care system. Positive COVID-19 tests from hospitals and community testing programs nationwide are sent to a network of 17 laboratories. Scientists spend their days extracting the genetic material from each swab and analyzing it to identify that virus’ unique genetic code. The sequences are then cross-referenced with public health data to understand better how, where, and why COVID-19 spreads.
When mutations in the virus correspond with an otherwise unexplained increase in cases, that’s a clue that a new variant of concern is circulating in the area. The importance of genomic sequencing became obvious late last year as new infections began to spike in southeastern England. When cases continued to rise despite harsh local restrictions, public health officials went to work to find out why. Through genome sequencing data, scientists identified a new variant that included several mutations, making it easier for the virus to hop from one person to another.
Armed with this information, Prime Minister Boris Johnson imposed a national lockdown, scrapping a strategy of local restrictions that had failed to contain the new variant. Scientific sleuthing is crucial, but it’s like looking for a needle in a haystack. ResearcPeacock said that researchersift through the genetic sequences from thousands of benign variants to find the rare, dangerous ones, Peaco vital so that we can understand what variants are circulating, both in the United Kingdom and around the world, and therefore the implications of that on vaccine development and the way that we may have to adapt vaccines,” she said. The effort is a worldwide collaboration, with more than 120 countries submitting sequences to GISAID, a data-sharing hub created initially to track influenza viruses.
